Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy

Comminution and classification are the two major unit operations involved in the processing of pure minerals from its ore rocks. In the current paper, an assessment is made on different numerical models used for the prediction of fluid and solid flow properties in tumbling mill, hydrocyclone and dense medium cyclone (DMC). A detailed discussion on the selection of suitable turbulence and multiphase models for the accurate prediction of flow field in hydrocyclone is made by comparing the predictions among and against experimental data. The additional requirements for accurate performance predictions at high feed solid content is elaborated. The drawbacks of DPM model and the usage of CFD-DEM coupling technique to predict the coal partition curve in DMC's has been elucidated. The discrepancies between DEM, CFD, one way and two way coupled CFD-DEM predicted mean flow field and particle dynamics against experimental measurements in tumbling mills also made in detail.

Narasimha Mangadoddy

Teja Reddy Vakamalla

Mayank Kumar

Aubrey Mainza

Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy

Computational modelling of particle-fluid dynamics in comminution and classification: a review

Abstract The silica represents the main gangue mineral in iron ore deposits. Different surfactants were used for separation of silica from iron ores. In the current work, an amphoteric collector was used as an alternative for the current reagents. Pure minerals of silica and hematite were used to investigate the mechanism of the amphoteric collector adsorption on both minerals. It was found that the adsorption density of collector was pH dependent. Preferential adsorption of collector was found to be at acidic pH range. The mechanism of collector interaction with the mineral surface was found to proceed via electrostatic interaction. Zeta potential measurements have indicated the possibility of collector adsorption by electrostatic interaction under the conditions where mineral surface and collector are oppositely charged.

F. H. A. El-Reheim

A. A. El-Midany

K. A. Selim

Adsorption mechanism of amphoteric collector on silica and hematite

Abstract Thiosulphate is an attractive alternative reagent to cyanide for processing gold ores. It is relatively cheap and non-toxic, forms relatively strong gold and silver complexes, and readily leaches gold ores in ammoniacal solutions, catalysed by Cu(II). It is particularly suited to carbonaceous ores where the recovery of gold by cyanide is poor. However, research over the past 20 years has identified a number of issues and impediments that must be understood or overcome before an overall process can be demonstrated as practical and economic for typical oxidised gold ores. This paper reviews the current understanding of thiosulphate chemistry and mechanism of gold dissolution, and discusses the stability of thiosulphate and polythionates. It then reviews the results of leaching various gold ores that have been reported in the literature, discusses gold recovery options, and considers environmental and toxicity issues. Some of the issues that require further research include decreasing the oxidation of thiosulphate by Cu(II) or other oxidants, increasing the extraction of gold compared to cyanide, and understanding the variation in gold recovery between ores. More work is also required to minimise the effect of polythionates on gold recovery using resins or alternative absorbents, to improve the elution of copper and gold from resins, and to recycle or minimise the concentration of reagents.

D. M. Muir

M. G. Aylmore

Thiosulphate as an alternative to cyanide for gold processing – issues and impediments

Abstract Phosphate rock is considered a secondary source of rare earth elements (REE), which are usually found in isomorphism substitution with Ca2+ ion. It approximately assays 0·01–0·1% (100–1000 μg g−1). Large tonnages of phosphate ore are mined and processed annually to manufacture commercial grade phosphoric acid indicating that REE extraction from phosphate beneficiation and chemical processing streams may have an economic value. In this work, REE were extracted from phosphoric acid by ion exchange resin using both direct and counter current methods while REE cocrystallised with phosphogypsum (PG) was digested by a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and recycled phosphoric acid, followed by extraction with DEHPA solvent. It was found that Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE) (Y, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Ho, Yb, Tm, and Lu) represented more than 70% of the REE dissolved in phosphoric acid while the critical REE (CREE) (Y, Nd, Eu, Tb, and Dy) constitute 45% of the distribution. Phosphogypsum has higher acids insoluble (A.I.) and phosphate (P2O5) than phosphoric acid sludge (PAS). The main impurities in PG are P2O5, AI, and CaO, while A.I., Al2O3, and P2O5 are the main PAS impurities. Phosphoric acid sludge leaching by nitric acid was more efficient than sulphuric acid even with higher acid strength and lower solids percentage; nitric and sulphuric acid leaching efficiency was approximately 58 and 49% for nitric and sulphuric acid, respectively. Rare earth elements extraction from phosphoric acid by ion exchange resin was not significantly affected by temperature change within the range 25–82°C but approximately 18% reduction was observed when extraction temperature was increased from 10 to 25°C. It was also found that REE-extraction efficiency increased with increasing resin dosage; approximately 65 and 28% extraction efficiency were achieved with 7 and 3 kg resin/t of phosphoric acid, respectively.

S. Al-Thyabat

P. Zhang

REE extraction from phosphoric acid, phosphoric acid sludge, and phosphogypsum

ABSTRACT The reaction kinetics of hydrogen reduction of iron ore concentrate particles was studied in the present research work. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to study the reaction progress at temperature range of 700–900°C. Various methods were used to obtain the governing mechanism and reaction rate constant. It was resulted that, the reduction rate of ore concentrate was between the reduction rates of pure magnetite and pure wustite. The experimental work showed that, hydrogen reduction of magnetite to wustite has the greatest chance of occurrence at temperature range over 700°C. The reduction reaction can occur as a single-step reaction above 1000°C. The first-order reaction was a very important model for this reduction at the studied temperature range. Finally, the activation energy was obtained about 29.48 kJ.mol−1 .

Bahador Abolpour

M. Mehdi Afsahi

Mehdi Azizkarimi

Hydrogen reduction of magnetite concentrate particles

This study was conducted as part of the development of a new process to recover valuable metals of zinc, copper and indium from high-iron zinc sulfide concentrate (HIZSC) by the reductive leaching of high-iron zinc neutral leaching residue (HIZNLR) with zinc concentrate precipitation of copper with iron powder, neutralization of free sulfuric acid with zinc calcine, precipitation of indium with zinc powder and hematite precipitation to reject iron. Among these stages, reductive leaching is the crucial step, which makes that valuable metals in the materials can be effectively leached and ferric iron in the solution is reduced to ferrous iron. The reductive leachate enables copper, indium and iron separation from the solution in the subsequent process. The results show that by increasing the sulfuric acid concentration, HIZSC addition and prolonging the reaction time, the leaching efficiency of zinc, copper, indium and iron in the sample materials was significantly increased. The maximum metal-leaching efficiency was obtained; 84.3% of the iron was in its soluble ferrous state, and zinc ferrite in the HIZNLR was almost entirely dissolved under the experimental conditions of an H2SO4-to-HIZNLR mass ratio of 1.6, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 11.34 mL/g, a temperature of 90°C, an HIZSC addition of 1.05 times of the stoichiometric amount and a reaction time of 5 h.

Cunxiong Li

Chang Wei

Zhigan Deng

Fan Zhang

Gang Fan

Xingbin Li

Minting Li

Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy Section C

Extraction of Valuable Metals from High-Iron Zinc Sulfide Concentrate by Reductive Leaching

In the construction of subway, tunnel, mining and other underground projects, in order to speed up the construction progress, it is often necessary to excavate a shaft first and then dig at both ends of tunnel at the same time. The shaft excavation is a difficult problem in underground engineering. At present, the shaft excavation construction mainly adopts upward construction method and downward construction method, which are characterized by high labor intensity, high risk coefficient and slow construction speed. In order to realize the efficient excavation of vertical shafts, this paper presents a technology of deep hole one-time blasting into wells. Based on theoretical analysis and practical shaft engineering, the blasting parameters of the deep hole one-time blasting technology are given, such as hole diameter, spacing, layout, charge structure and blasting sequence of each hole, and the technical scheme is formed finally. The technology is applied in a shaft excavation construction in Changping District, Beijing of China and good results are obtained, which proves that the technique is feasible.

Chen Shengyun

Wang Xueming

Zhang Ao

Wu Huajie

Wang Jing

Zheng Lei

Li Fengling

Research and Application of Shaft Excavation by Deep Hole One-Time Blasting Technology

"Metals, energy and sustainability: the story of Doctor Copper and King Coal." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 126(3), p. 191

Peter Hayes

Metals, energy and sustainability: the story of Doctor Copper and King Coal

Serious efforts have been carried out in China towards the utilization of CO2 in different metallurgical processes. The research was initiated from feasibility study of CO2 used in steel making process, followed by the use of CO2 in decreasing the dust generation and further towards improving the dephosphorization efficiency in converter process. Industrial experiments on bottom blowing of CO2 in BOF and electric arc furnace have been carried out in the plant with positive results. CO2 is further applied in LF process for inclusions removal and in continuous casting process as shielding gas. CO2 is also used in stainless steel refining process for decarburization, and results show a significant retention of chromium because of CO2 introduction. CO2 has also been tried in the ferroalloy industry to produce medium and low carbon ferrochrome/ferromanganese in the converter. Experimental results show that the Cr yield has been increased when CO2 was introduced for M-LCFeCr production. The present paper aims to provide an overview of the progress of CO2 application as resources/reactants in ferrous metallurgy processes.

Haijuan Wang

Rong Zhu

Xueliang Wang

Zhizheng Li

Utilization of CO<sub>2</sub> in metallurgical processes in China

More and more primary metal production and processing units are being shifted away from the developed countries to the developing countries. India is poised to become one of the largest producers of metals after China. This poses its own challenges in terms of solid waste management. As far as the production of primary metals are concerned, steel industries produce the largest amount of solid wastes. India has rich deposits of haematite. Because of high alumina content and inferior coke quality, approximately 1.6 tons of solid wastes are generated per ton of the steel produced. Most of the Blast Furnace slag is granulated and is used for manufacturing cement. However, steel making slag that contains high amounts of Fe poses challenges. This paper discusses the issues pertaining to solid waste generation from iron and steel making processes in terms of volumes, challenges and efforts towards recycling and utilization.

Neelam Sharma

Viswanathan N. Nurni

Vilas Tathavadkar

Somnath Basu

A review on the generation of solid wastes and their utilization in Indian steel industries

Environmental considerations of steel manufacturing involve addressing the various aspects of steel production and utilization, namely sustainability based on life cycle assessments (LCAs). The Swedish steel makers took the pioneering national initiative towards a more holistic view on steel production and use. The initiative was funded by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research and co-funded by Swedish steel industries. The programme, named the 'Steel Eco-cycle', had the vision closing the loop in the manufacture and use of steel in society. The programme had a multi-disciplinary approach, built around a network of projects with researchers from universities and institutes, environmental specialists and industry sectors participating. The programme envisaged a total optimization of the steel eco-cycle from development of newer steel grades to utilization of steel scrap, thereby retaining the metal values in alloy steels, minimizing losses and recovering valuable metals from slag and dust. Another important objective of the programme was to upscale the process ideas, make industrial tests and eventually implement them in industry. A number of processes developed under this programme are currently being commercialized. The paper will present the steel eco-cycle programme concept and development for a number of innovations.

G. Andersson

A. Ponzio

A. Gauffin

H. Axelsson

G. Nilson

Sustainable steel production – Swedish initiative to ‘close the loop’

Seshadri Seetharaman

Sustainability, waste processing and secondary resources

With the continuous industrialization and urbanization in China, the energy saving, emission reduction and environmental protection have become increasingly significant issues to be addressed in modern society. As a carbon-intensive and energy-intensive industry, the iron and steel industry faces great pressure especially in the context that China has pledged to peak its carbon emission by 2030. Nowadays the output of pig iron and crude steel in China has accounted for half of global capacity and during the production of these products, substantial solid wastes including iron tailings, blast furnace slags and steel slags have been discharged. The timely and efficient disposal of these three kinds of solid wastes has been severe problems and consequently, numerous strategies and technologies have been developed. These routes could be generally divided into the large-scale extensive utilization style and the small-scale high-value utilization style. In this study, these routes were first systemically reviewed and the fundamental principles were analysed and then the promising strategies were summarized and predicted. Upon reasonable treatment, these solid wastes could not only reduce the environmental impact but also contribute to valuable resources for modern industry.

Yongqi Sun

Hao Wang

Lili Liu

Xidong Wang

Solid wastes utilization in the iron and steel industry in China: towards sustainability

This paper offers a comparative analysis of various aspects of transition of the iron and steel industry in countries of Central-East Europe as well as in Russia and Ukraine during a quarter of century after the collapse of Soviet Union. Different socio-economic patterns of transition resulted in significant divergence in the outcomes achieved so far in the countries covered in this study. Restructuring of iron and steel industry, successful modernisation of machinery manufacturing sector and robust domestic demand for steel in the countries of Central-East Europe delivered more sustainable and technologically flexible socio-economic model where value-added finishing dominates over energy-intensive and polluting manufacturing of semi-product, whereas Russia and Ukraine are more specialised in semi-product and reliant on the global demand for steel. After 2014 in Russia and Ukraine, transition of iron and steel industry is driven by different vectors: Russia tends to recombine self-sufficient market within the Euro-Asian Economic Union, and Ukraine explores opportunities of Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area with the EU. Understanding of experience gained is important to better withstand new challenges related to modernisation of installed capacities, deployment of new technologies, and optimisation of resource and energy usage in the context of transition towards a low-carbon and sustainable economy.

V. Shatokha

Post-Soviet issues and sustainability of iron and steel industry in Eastern Europe

短名	Miner. Process. Extr. Metall.
Journal Impact	0.94
国际分区	MINING & MINERAL PROCESSING(Q3)

出版信息	出版商: Taylor and Francis Ltd.，出版周期: ，期刊类型: journal，开源期刊: 非开源
基本数据	创刊年份: 1993，原创研究文献占比: ，自引率:， Gold OA占比:

Transactions of the Institutions of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C: Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy

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