Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, Mexican Journal of Phytopathology

&lt;p&gt;The present study had the objective of evaluating the&lt;em&gt; in vitro&lt;/em&gt; sensitivity of &lt;em&gt;Fusarium sacchari&lt;/em&gt; to five fungicides of different chemical groups. An isolate of &lt;em&gt;F. sacchari&lt;/em&gt; obtained from sugarcane plants (&lt;em&gt;Saccharum officinarum&lt;/em&gt;) with wilt symptoms and identified morphologically and molecularly by the characteristics of the genus &lt;em&gt;Fusarium&lt;/em&gt; and amplification of the ITS and TEF regions, respectively, was used to evaluate the fungicides azoxystrobin, difenoconazole, hymexazole, cyprodinil and thiabendazole, at concentrations of 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ?g mL-1, using the poison plate technique. The effect of the fungicides and EC50 was determined by the percentage inhibition of &lt;em&gt;F. sacchari&lt;/em&gt; growth with respect to the growth on the plates without fungicide. The fungicides difenoconazole at 1000 ?g mL-1 and thiabendazole at 100, 1000 and 10 ?g mL-1 were statistically equal and presented the highest mycelial growth inhibition percentages (93.5 and 92.1, 91.4 and 89.8 %, respectively). The lowest EC50 values were presented by difenoconazole (9.2 ?g mL-1), thiabendazole (9.9 ?g mL-1) and cyprodinil (10.6 ?g mL-1). In conclusion, &lt;em&gt;F. sacchari&lt;/em&gt; presented higher &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; sensitivity to the fungicides difenoconazole (1000 ?g mL-1) and thiabendazole (100, 1000 and 10 ?g mL-1).&lt;/p&gt;

Fabiola Medina-Osti

Adriana Gutiérrez-Díez

Salvador Ochoa-Ascencio

Sugey Ramona Sinagawa-García

Revista mexicana de fitopatología(en línea)/Revista mexicana de fitopatología

In vitro sensitivity of Fusarium sacchari isolated from sugar cane to five fungicides

Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) se ha dispersado rápidamente a las regiones productoras de cítricos en México, ocasionando impactos económicos y sociales diferenciados. En México, los principales avances en investigación se han centrado en el manejo del vector, Diaphorina citri y en estudios de la interacción de CLas con limón mexicano. Sin embargo, la variabilidad genética de la bacteria en regiones productoras de México se ha estudiado poco. Por lo que, en el presente estudio se analizó la variación de la población mexicana de CLas con procedimientos basados en PCR, secuenciación y electroforesis capilar a través de la detección del número de repeticiones en tándem (TRN) con dos marcadores STR, AGACACA y TACAGAA, el primero localizado en locus genómicos CLIBASIA_01645 y adenosina deaminasas. La distribución de los TRNs en la población mexicana de CLas en ambos loci mostraron variaciones con las poblaciones previamente reportadas en Florida, China y Brasil. Además, en la población mexicana se encontraron tres haplotipos, HA, HB y HC, siendo el primer reporte del haplotipo HC en las regiones citrícolas en México. Interesantemente, las subpoblaciones de CLas del Occidente y Noroeste son diferentes a la del Sureste.

Julio Santiago Ahumada-Rodríguez

Jael Arely Cervantes-Santos

Bricia Rivera-Villanueva

Norma Elena Leyva-López

Eduardo Sandoval-Castro

Jesús Méndez-Lozano

María Elena Santos-Cervantes

José Joaquín Velázquez-Monrea

Diferenciación de la población mexicana de Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus por doble-locus genómico con repeticiones cortas en tándem

墨西哥Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus人群的双位点基因组短串联重复序列区分

El Huanglongbing (HLB) es una enfermedad considerada como la más destructiva para los cítricos en el mundo, es causada por Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) y diseminada por el vector Diaphorina citri. El HLB ha generado cuantiosas pérdidas económicas en la citricultura mundial. Todas las variedades comerciales de cítricos son susceptibles a esta enfermedad. La naturaleza de CLas como parásito intra celular estricto limitado al floema dificulta el estudio fitopatológico de la enfermedad. Las herramientas “ómicas”, que permiten aplicar análisis comparativos con enfoque masivos, han resultado útiles para describir la interacción entre el agente patogénico y diferentes especies de cítricos, generando conocimiento sobre las bases moleculares de la patogenicidad de CLas y de las respuestas de los hospederos ante la infección. Sin embargo, muchos procesos inmersos en la compleja interacción CLas-cítricos aún no son del todo comprendidos. En la presente revisión se resumen algunos de los principales hallazgos en la última década relacionados con los posibles mecanismos de patogenicidad de CLas a nivel molecular, así como de las respuestas transcripcionales y metabólicas inducidas en cítricos tolerantes o susceptibles, ante la infección. Este conocimiento es necesario para el diseño e implementación de nuevas estrategias para el manejo sustentable de la enfermedad.

Luis A. Pérez-Zarate

Juan A. Villanueva-Jiménez

Francisco Osorio-Acosta

Eliseo García-Pérez

Felipe Roberto Flores-de la Rosa

Aída Martínez-Hernández

Mecanismos involucrados en la patogénesis de Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus y bases moleculares de la tolerancia en cítricos

柑橘中Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus致病机制及耐受性的分子基础

La enfermedad del Huanglongbing (HLB), causa desequilibrios metabólicos por agotamiento de nutrientes y/o interferencia del transporte. En limón Mexicano (Citrus aurantifolia) ocurre una disminución de la producción. Por ello se planteó el objetivo de conocer los cambios fisiológicos con el uso del portainjerto Macrofila (Citrus macrophylla) en dos épocas (invierno y verano). Los tratamientos incluyeron árboles sanos y con HLB de pie franco e injertados. Se determinaron los contenidos nutrimentales (N, P, K, Ca y Mg), almidón y sacarosa, así como el rendimiento. En árboles con HLB los valores de Nitrógeno (N), Magnesio (Mg), almidón y sacarosa fueron estadísticamente diferentes entre los injertados en comparación con los de pie franco (Tukey, p=0.05). En árboles con HLB, el uso del portainjerto Macrofila presentó concentraciones de N de 19.5 mg g-1 y sin injertar de 15.9 mg g-1 en invierno, al igual que el Mg con 1.26 y 0.98 mg g-1 respectivamente. El almidón en hoja durante el verano concentró con Macrofila 0.5%, en contraste las plantas de pie franco (1.0%). La sacarosa en nervadura de injertadas en Macrofila con 17.39 mg g-1 y sin injertar con 19.14 mg g-1. El uso del portainjerto Macrofila no mejoró los rendimientos (7.46 kg árbol-1) en comparación con pie franco que produjo 7.20 kg árbol-1; sin embrago, atenúa los efectos del HLB de forma estacional.

Miguel Ángel Manzanilla-Ramírez

Jose Joaquin Velazquez-Monreal

Marciano Manuel Robles-González

Juan Eduardo Murillo-Hernández

Angel Villegas-Montier

Efectos fisiológicos de Huanglongbing en limón Mexicano (Citrus aurantifolia) injertado en C. macrophylla

墨西哥莱檬（Citrus aurantifolia）嫁接于C. macrophylla上对黄龙病的生理影响

The effect of 44 agrochemicals (fungicides, insecticides and adjuvants) on the mycelial growth and germination conidia of Trichoderma koningiopsis Th003 was determined by seeding of 5 mm discs of fungal mycelium in Sabouraud agar supplemented with each agrochemical and seeding of conidia suspended in solutions of agrochemicals in water agar. For the adjuvants, their effect on the phyllospheric establishment of T. koningiopsis Th003 was determined by following their population in cape gooseberry leaflets inoculated with the fungus suspended in them. Eight fungicides did not inhibit the fungus mycelial growth or the conidia germination. Fenhexamid - Tebuconazole, Flutriafol and Kasugamicina inhibited it between 34 and 48% without affecting germination, Thiram - Pyrimethanil, Prochloraz, Tiabendazol, Spiroxamina and Triadimenol - Tebuconazole inhibited the growth and Thiram - Pyrimethanil and Dodine did not allow conidia germination. Insecticides and adjuvants presented an inhibition of up to 70% but did not affect the conidia germination. No negative effects of the adjuvants on the phyllosphere establishment of T. koningiopsis Th003 were observed, recovering from the treatments approximately 1x103 CFU g-1.

Yimmy Alexander Zapata-Narváez

Blanca Lucia Botina-Azain

Effect of adjuvants, fungicides and insecticides on the growth of Trichoderma koningiopsis Th003

添加剂、杀菌剂和杀虫剂对木霉菌Th003生长的影响

Background/Objective. Species of Bacillus are currently gaining interest because its ability to produce secondary metabolites with antifungal properties against various plant pathogenic fungi. The objective of this study was to optimize fermentation temperature and time for antifungal extract production by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B17 and to verify its activity against plant pathogenic fungi Gilbertella persicaria, Choanephora cucurbitarum, Colletotrichum asianum, and Botrytis cinerea. Materials and Methods. A central composite design (CCD) with two factors and five levels (fermentation temperature: 23.7, 25, 28, 31, and 32.2 °C and fermentation time: 25, 46, 95, 144, and 164. 3 h) was used. Thirteen combinations of temperature and fermentation time were randomly performed. The thirteen crude extracts of B. amyloliquefaciens B17 were obtained from the cell-free fermentation broth by acid precipitation followed by alkaline solubilization. The response variable was the diameter of the inhibition halos generated by placing drops of the different crude extracts onto the medium already inoculated with a suspension of Gilbertella persicaria spores. Results. The optimal conditions for the production of the extract with the greatest antifungal activity in B. amyloliquefaciens B17 were 26.8 °C and 158.6 h. Conclusion. The optimized crude extract from B. amyloliquefaciens B17 exhibited a strong ability to inhibit mycelial growth and spore germination of Gilbertella persicaria, Choanephora cucurbitarum, Colletotrichum asianum, and Botrytis cinerea.

Maria Magdalena Rivera-Salas

José Basilio Heredia

Juan Manuel Tovar-Pedraza

Cesar San Martín-Hernández

José Benigno Valdez-Torres

Isabel Cruz-Lachica

Raymundo Saúl García-Estrada

Optimization of fermentation temperature and time for production of an antifungal extract from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B17

发酵温度和时间优化以提高解淀粉芽孢杆菌B17抗真菌提取物产量

Background / Objective. In broad bean (Vicia faba) crops established in Montecillo, Texcoco, State of Mexico, 100% of plants were observed with viral symptoms consisting of mosaic, mottling, leaf curling, wilting and a notable decrease in plant development. These symptoms led to a significant reduction in seed yield and quality. In this context, the present study was carried out with the objective of identifying the viral species associated with these symptoms. Materials and Methods. The experimental strategy consisted of extraction of total RNA from leaves showing the aforementioned symptoms, followed by next-generation sequencing. Results. In the results, the complete genomes of Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae (before impatiens necrotic spot virus) and two isolates of the Potyvirus phaseoluteum (before bean yellow mosaic virus) were obtained. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate of O. impatiensnecromaculae (INSV CPMEX) shows significant divergences from those previously reported in other plant species. On the other hand, the two P. phaseoluteum isolates (BYMV CP1MEX and BYMV CP2MEX) proved to be different from each other, being related to isolates reported in Sudan and Iran. Conclusion. This result suggests considerable genetic diversity among the viruses associated with viral symptoms in faba bean crops in the region, which underlines the importance of accurate identification for the management and control of these viral infections.

Erick Ortega-Piña

Daniel Leobardo Ochoa-Martínez

Reyna Isabel Rojas-Martínez

Alfredo Díaz-Lara

Characterization of the virome in broad bean: First detection of Potyvirus phaseoluteum and Orthotospovirus impatiensnecromaculae in Montecillo, Texcoco, Mexico

蚕豆病毒组的特征研究：在墨西哥特斯科科蒙特西洛首次检测到马铃薯Y病毒属的相变病毒和正痘病毒属的万寿菊坏死斑病毒

Background / Objective. The level of resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi in avocado germplasm can be evaluated indirectly through inoculation of the pathogen by wounding the stem. The objective of this work was to compare the conventional graft development method and the etiolated graft method to determine levels of indirect resistance to P. cinnamomi through the stem wound inoculation technique. Materials and methods. In the study, three isolates of P. cinnamomi and two avocado genotypes with different levels of resistance to the pathogen were used, Duke-7 (medium resistant) and Hass (susceptible). Clonal multiplication of the genotypes was carried out with buds grafted on rootstocks propagated by Antillean avocado seeds. Inoculation was performed on the shoot at a height of 8 cm and the growth of the lesions was measured for 24 days. With the data, the Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) and the Coefficients Variation (CV) are calculated. The information was analyzed with a completely randomized experimental design with a 2*2*3 factorial arrangement (Method*Genotype*Isolation). Results. The analysis of variance for the AUDPC showed no differences between methods (p=0.1881); However, there were differences between genotypes, isolates and between the genotype*method and genotype*isolation interactions (p≤0.05). With the conventional method, the development of the outbreaks was late (141-159 days) and the size of the lesions was highly variable (CV=38.9-64.4%), being able to discriminate partial degrees of aggressiveness between isolates, but not levels of resistance between genotypes. The etiolated and greened shoots in the nursery, on the contrary, presented rapid growth (101-107 days) and greater uniformity in the lesions generated by the pathogen (CV=11.1-24.2%). Conclusion. The development of etiolated shoots in avocado grafts is proposed as a rapid alternative method that can guarantee greater uniformity in the development of lesions within the experimental units of a treatment, thus achieving greater reliability when evaluating and selecting preliminarily. avocado genotypes with indirect resistance attributes to P. cinnamomi.

Yeison David López-Galé

Mauricio Fernando Martínez

Lizeth Paola Palacios Joya

Nubia Murcia-Riaño

Mario Augusto García-Dávila

Uniformity in shoot development in avocado grafts and its importance in establishing levels of indirect resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi

鳄梨嫁接苗发育均匀性及其在建立对樟疫霉间接抗性水平中的重要性

Mixed viral infections refer to the coinfection of two or more viruses in the plant, which regularly lead to exacerbated symptoms on leaves and fruits. The dynamics of coinfections may follow either a synergistic, antagonistic, or neutral interaction that impacts the severity of the symptoms and infection. Mixed viral infections occur due to the convergence of fundamental characteristics reviewed in this manuscript. The virus‒host plant interrelationship influences the establishment and spread patterns of mixed viral infections. Attention should be drawn to potential changes in the dynamics of transmission and prevalence of plant viral diseases due to the effect of anthropogenic and natural alterations to complex agroecological systems or their components, including hosts, reservoirs, vectors, ecological niches, and the emergence of new virus strains.

Mario Sánchez-Sánchez

Irasema Vargas-Arispuro

Cristóbal Joel González-Pérez

Emmanuel Aispuro-Hernández

Eber Addí Quintana-Obregón

Miguel Ángel Martínez-Téllez

Mixed viral infections in vegetable crops: biochemical and molecular aspects

蔬菜作物中的混合病毒感染：生化和分子层面

White mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) is the main disease of bean and potato in Sinaloa. In the present review, the symptoms and signs of the disease as well as cultural and morphological characteristics of the teleomorph of the pathogen, its ecology and the epidemiology of the disease are addressed. The implementation of a prediction system which includes the carpogenic germination of the sclerotia and the phenology of both bean and potato for the management of the disease is described. This system considers soil temperature ranging from 13 to 19 °C a at depth of 2.5 cm in the soil and the flowering stage in both bean and potato to do the first spray application of synthetic fungicide to prevent the disease. In vitro studies indicated that Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride and T. atroviride reduced mycelial growth rate of S. sclerotiorum. The same antagonistic species exerted control of white mold under field conditions, where an increment of 40% of yield was observed in the treated plots, with respect to those treated with fungicide fluazinam. Future lines of research focusing on the ecology of the pathogen and management of the disease including the antagonistic fungi in the prediction system are suggested.

Rubén Félix-Gastélum

Gabriel Herrera-Rodríguez

Norma Ávila-Alistac

Elizabeth León

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on bean and potato in Sinaloa: Etiology, epidemiology and alternatives for management

墨西哥锡那罗亚州豆类和马铃薯上的核盘菌：病因学、流行病学及管理替代方案

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