Journal Citation Format

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

Books Citation Format

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books.

Thesis Citation Format

Web sites Citation Format

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography.

Patent Citation Format