Medicine Law & Society

The state is a special purpose organization and the directions of its activities are determined by public tasks. One of them is to ensure an efficient health care system, also effective in emergency situations such as those caused by an infectious disease pandemic COVID-19. In particular, legal instruments are used to create it, selected by the rulers within the limits set by law, including the applicable international standards, at the discretion of local governing authorities. The whole system is completed with organizational, medical and finally financial solutions. However, it is due to the fact that public authorities move around in the public space, due to the legality of their operation, that the legal instruments used are of significant importance for the assessment of the effectiveness of the performance of tasks related to combating infectious diseases, and thus ensuring health safety.

Katarzyna Mełgieś

Legal Measures Undertaken by Public Authorities in Poland for Prevention and Combating COVID-19

波兰公共当局为预防和抗击COVID-19采取的法律措施

The paper explores whether and under what conditions, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 may become a mandatory requirement for employees. It includes a discussion on EU action on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and its relevance for national level policy with emphasis on the legal basis and instruments used by the Union to persuade national authorities into action to increase vaccination uptake. The analysis then moves to the national level by focusing on the case of Hungary. Following an overview of the legal and regulatory framework for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines deployment, the analysis zooms into the sphere of employment and explores whether and how the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may be turned into a mandatory workplace safety requirement. The paper highlights the decision of the Hungarian government to introduce compulsory vaccination for employees in the healthcare sector, and concludes with a discussion of the relevant rules and their potential, broader implications.

Mária Eva Földes

Csilla Kaposvári

SARS-COV-2 Vaccination and Employment: the Legal Framework in the EU and Hungary

SARS-COV-2疫苗接种与就业：欧盟和匈牙利的法律框架

In a global world, doing business in heavy industry is becoming a concern to the environment. The need for production, export, and consumption under these circumstances has come as a challenge for marketers, consumers and surrounding residential population. The Western Balkan countries include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo. Kosovo has witnessed a considerable economic transformation during recent years, but is has fallen short of considering and implementing a strategy for the preservation of the environment. Kosovo is relatively rich with underground and surface resources, having large quantities of minerals and coal. But despite this, Kosovo continues to be the most underdeveloped country in the region. Exploiting these resources can have a great impact on economic growth and with it, consumer needs are more satisfied. Social marketing has a major impact on the activities of businesses in these areas and ensures that these businesses operate in accordance with certain rules and laws. This would also help in matters of general health of the population. Through Pearson's correlation and case studies, recommendations and conclusions will be given on the studied topic. The results show that there are positive and negative relationships between the variables which are significant.

Visar Rrustemi

Dušan Mladenović

Gezim Jusufi

Social Marketing Challenges in Western Balkans: Evidence From Kosovo

西巴尔干地区的社会营销挑战：来自科索沃的证据

The article is based on publicly available data, namely on European legislation and on publicly available instructions or recommendations/guidelines dealing with the field of GMO labelling in Slovenia. Using a comparative research method, the importance of labelling GMO-free products and GMO-labelled products was analysed. The analysis is based on a comparison of the basic terms with each other (i.e., GMO-labelled products, non-GMO-labelled products), based on a review of the legal definition of the terms and based on control over the use of the terms. The purpose of this paper is to define an important difference between the two concepts, which is hidden and (or) not defined for most consumers.

Katja Meško Kuralt

The Importance of labeling products with a GMO or non-GMO label

转基因或非转基因标签标注产品的重要性

The battle against the COVID-19 pandemic is still the most important problem and a great challenge for the overburdened health system in the Republic of Croatia. This paper examines the research into how violations of humans’ right to health occurred due to the inaccessibility to health protection for uninfected persons during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research implemented showed that a system of anti-epidemic measures which completely suspended or significantly reduced the possibility to access primary and hospital health care, stopped preventive programs of cancer detection. Much medical research has already revealed the possible harmful effects to people's health in the increase in cases of the contraction of and death from cancer and other serious illnesses, particularly in relation to certain vulnerable groups for example, women and oncology patients. The author concludes that the right to access protection of health during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Croatia was significantly limited and analyzes possible legal consequences which could occur due to the suspension or limitation to the right to access health care as a violation of the right to health.

Nina Mišić Radanović

Violations of the Right to Health due to Limited Access to Protection of Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Republic of Croatia and Possible Legal ImplicationsL

克罗地亚共和国在COVID-19疫情期间因健康保护有限而侵犯健康权及其可能的法律影响

Induced abortion remains controversial due to traditional, moral, political, and religious reasons. Although the common opinion about the illegality of abortion is indicated in medical conditions, its regulation varies widely according to the country. Abortion is available to women on request in many countries, while in others, there is restriction or prohibition altogether. In the contest when some countries end the nationwide right to abortion, the Republic of Benin in 2020 broadened the social grounds, allowing abortion up to 12 weeks of gestational age. This paper aims to overview abortion legislation in selected countries and to compare them to the reform in the Republic of Benin, which became one of the several African countries broadly permitting abortion within 12 weeks of amenorrhea.

Romeo Konnon

Reproductive Rights: A Comparative Analysis of Abortion Regulations and the Case of Reform in the Republic of Benin

生殖权利：贝宁共和国堕胎法规改革比较分析

Are personal data and information, which we trust entirely to healthcare systems, sufficiently protected? The article deals with the crossroads of law and medicine, specifically at the point where the right to data protection of a patient is being breached or insufficiently protected by law. In this regard, we have to first learn what is the actual scope of person’s right to (medical) data protection and second, understand when is that breached. The article analyses the origin of data protection and its historical development to find its core meaning. Further, it seeks the limits of data protection’s scope with the content of other related rights. With a comprehensive overview of European case law, the article exposes some serious violations of individual’s right to (medical) data protection.

Ema Turnšek

The Right to Privacy and Data Protection in European Healthcare Systems With an Emphasis on the Relevant Case Law And European Legislation

欧洲医疗保健系统中的隐私权与数据保护——着重于相关判例法与欧洲立法

Current trends suggest a future in which big data can be used to predict individual health risks and outcomes with exceptional accuracy. By analyzing large datasets that include various health indicators, algorithms can predict the onset of disease, allowing for early intervention and personalized treatment plans. However, the legal and ethical implications of predictive health analytics, such as potential misuse of predictive information or unfair discrimination based on health risks, require careful consideration. In terms of global health surveillance, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the potential of big data to track the spread of disease and inform public health responses.

Diyora Imamalieva

Legal Difficulties Associated With the Use of Big Data in Healthcare: Civil Law and Cyberlaw Review

医疗大数据应用中的法律难题：民法与网络法评述

The European space for health data (EHDS) is the first European proposal for the arrangement of a specific area common to the entire EU. The main goals are enabling citizens to control and use their own health data, nationally and throughout the EU (primary use of health data), cross-border exchange of health data and building a single market for digital health services. A further goal is to create an effective legal framework for the use of health data for research and innovation purposes (secondary use of health data), as well as the establishment of electronic health records and the development of a health data management system. In the paper author presents the concept of health data privacy in digital age and analyses the current health data protection legal framework. The paper examines the provisions of the EHDS Proposal, critically analyising the proposed terms of primary and secondary use of health data, as well as it's rules on data portability and interoperability.

Maja Proso

Digital Transformation of Health: Towards the European Health Data Space

健康数字化转型：迈向欧洲健康数据空间

The aim of this research work is to gain insight into how the medical service was legally regulated in the city of Osijek, the main Slavonian center to which a large number of people immigrated after the Great Turkish War, and which consequently spread the fear of the appearance of new infections in that area. At the same time, special attention was paid to medical regulations after the city of Osijek received the status of a Free Royal City in 1809. Despite the jurisdiction of the Royal Hungarian – Protectoral Council and the Royal Hungarian Court Chamber, the Liberation Charter enabled the city of Osijek to establish its own self-governing bodies. Thus, along with the City Council and its representatives, a lesser- known physical department was founded, which was headed by a physicist. In particular, it was a physician with the highest level of responsibility, who had the authority to protect the public health of the population of the Free Royal City of Osijek.

Abbreviation
Journal Impact	0.39
Quartiles(Global)	LAW(Q4)

Publication Information	Publisher: ，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: ，Proportion of original research papers: 95.00%，Self Citation Rate:50.00%， Gold OA Rate: 45.61%

Medicine Law & Society

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