Medical Laboratory Sciences

Autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) is the frequent cause of neutropenia in infants and children. AIN is associated with a reduced neutrophil count, which is due to aberrant cell-mediated or humoral immune response. In this review, we will discuss the available diagnostic approaches and management of the diseases. We collected data from PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, Web of Science databases, using a group of key words, such as neutropenia, autoimmune, diagnosis and management from 2000 until 2019. The most important aspects of primary assessment in the affected children were family history and physical examinations. Diagnostic methods in this disease are granulocyte indirect agglutination test (GAT) and granulocyte immunofluorescence test (GIFT). However, the sensitivity and specificity of these tests are low. In these patients, injection of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), is the first line of treatment. Despite low prevalence, autoimmune neutropenia is a clinically significant disease and it is critical to identify it and pursue effective treatment in these patients.

Mohammadreza Saeidnia

Elnaz Vaziee

Amir Mahmoodzadeh

Masoumeh Abedini

Gholamhossein Tamaddon

Diagnosis and Treatment Management in Patients with Autoimmune Neutropenia

自身免疫性中性粒细胞减少症患者的诊断与治疗管理

Background and Aim: Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is defined as a group of disorders; they are characterized by uncontrolled trophoblastic cell proliferation and overproduction of β-HCG. It seems that an inappropriate diet is one of the major risk factors of GTD. Regardless of the size of the uterus; mole depletion by curettage suction is usually the preferred treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin A and curettage suction on the faster reduction of β-hCG level, and faster recovery of disease, consequently. Materials and Methods: In this study case (n=26) and control (n=26) groups received 50,000 IU of vitamin A intramuscularly, before and after curettage. β-hCG was measured weekly and after reaching zero every month for six months. RIA was used for measurement. Results: Vitamin A reduced the level of β-hCG to zero in the patient compared to the control, one week earlier; this effect was statistically significant (P-Value  0.05). Conclusion: Finally, it can be said that vitamin A intake in patients with GTD, along with other therapies, can improve the speed of recovery; it can prevent the disease progression. However, it does not prevent progression to GTN, completely. Therefore, further studies are needed in future studies.

Mahdiss Mohamadianamiri

Nooshin Eshraghi

Samaneh Rokhgireh

Fahimeh Karimi

Maryam Ebrahimi

The Effect of Vitamin A on Decreased β-hCG Production in Molar Pregnancy

维生素A对葡萄胎妊娠中β-hCG生成减少的影响

Background and Aim: Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) has been described as the most severe form of primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID). The disease can be caused by mutations in more than 20 different genes with prevalence of 1 in 50000 to 100000 live births. In the present study, we described the protein domain position of variants in 14 main genes in patients with SCID. We also aimed to investigate the correlation between the variant distribution of protein domains and its pathogenicity and clinical outcome of the variant. Materials and Methods: Molecular genetic analysis including Sanger sequencing, targeted gene panel and whole exome sequencing were performed on 50 patients with SCID. Moreover, protein domains characteristics were extracted from different databases such as Uniprot and PDB and the reported mutations were obtained from HGMD and ENSEMBL databases. Results: Our results showed that the mortality rate had a significant correlation with severity of clinical manifestations in the patients (p-value=0.000). There was also a significant relationship between the protein type and mutation severity (p-value=0.001) and severity of clinical manifestations (p-value=0.025). However, there was no significant relationship between the mortality rate and occurrence of mutations in different domains of proteins (p-value=0.304) and the severity of mutations (p-value= 0.586). Conclusion: In severe genetic diseases such as SCID, mutations in related genes have affected the structure of the protein enough to cause severe symptoms. However, there are differences in the pathogenicity of the mutations based on their location on the protein domains. In order to determine these variations and predict the outcome of mutations, it is necessary to use in silico and laboratory methods along with statistical and data mining tools to track these minor differences.

Zahra Shahbazi

Shirin Shahbazi

Hamzeh Rahimi

Reza Mahdian

Distribution of Disease-Causing Mutations through Different Protein Domains in Patients with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

严重联合免疫缺陷患者中致病突变在不同蛋白质结构域的分布

Background and Aim: Severe left ventricular dysfunction patients with ejection fraction ≤ 30% are at a higher risk for complications and mortality than patients with ejection fraction >30%. The death of cardio-myocytes at injured regions leads to myocardium dysfunction. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have been used for the regeneration of damaged cardio-myocytes. Due to the inherent capability of mesenchymal stem cells to improve cardiac functions, in this research, our objective was to explore the possible association of the mesenchymal stem cells proliferation rate with Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting outcomes in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction after off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Methods: For investigating the possible association of mesenchymal stem cells proliferation with Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting outcomes (ejection fraction, hypertension risk, and the time of hospital stay), we collected bone marrow samples from 30 patients (18 men and 12 women) who underwent off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting at Afshar Hospital and Seyed Al-Shohada Hospital (Yazd, Iran). Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated and cultured; then, cells were counted after 4, 7, and 14 days using trypan-blue color, and doubling times were calculated. Results: There was an association between doubling time and ejection fraction after surgery. Ejection fraction in postoperative patients increased, but this association was not significant. Also, our study showed that the risk of hypertension is equal in male and female patients. There were no significant differences in mesenchymal stem cells doubling time with hypertension and the time of hospital stay in the ICU. Conclusion: Based on this study, we concluded that there was no significant relationship between the rate of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting outcomes in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction.
*Corresponding Author: Zakieh Sadat Sheikhalishahi; Email: z.sheikhalishahi@gmail.com
Please cite this article as: Esmailidehaj M, Mirhosseini SJ, Sheikhalishahi ZS. Association between Characterizations of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Ejection Faction and Hospitalization Period in Patients with Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction after Off-Pump Bypass Surgery. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2019;5(4):30-36. https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v5i4.31296

Mansour Esmailidehaj

Seyed Jalil Mirhosseini

Zakieh Sadat Sheikhalishahi

Association between Characterizations of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Ejection Faction and Hospitalization Period in Patients with Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction after Off-Pump Bypass Surgery

骨髓间充质干细胞特征、射血分数与无泵旁路手术后严重左心室功能障碍患者住院时间的关系

Background: The present study is on the development of a data mining algorithm for finding the influential factors on the hospitalization of patients subject to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive analytical study conducted cross sectionally in 2017 on a research community of 150 people with disease symptoms referred to clinics and hospitals across Tehran (Iran). The people were surveyed by a self-designed questionnaire, including queries on life style and family information. The sampling was simple intuitive from previously published studies. The modeling of the data was based on the CRISP method. The C5 decision tree algorithm was used and the data was analyzed by RapidMiner software. Results: The common symptoms of the patients were found to be shortness of breath, cough, chest pain, sputum, continuous cold, and cyanogens. Besides, the family history, smoking, and exposure to allergic agents were other influential factors on the disease. After accomplishment of this study, the results were consulted with the experts of the field. Conclution: It is concluded that data mining can be applied for excavation of knowledge from the gathered data and for determination of the effective factors on patient conditions. Accordingly, this model can successfully predict the disease status of any patient from its symptoms.

seyyed shamsadin athari

A data mining algorithm for determination of influential factors on the hospitalization of patients subject to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

一种用于确定慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者住院影响因素的数据挖掘算法

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a member of the coronavirus family that caused the COVID-19 respiratory disease epidemic in China before the global pandemic of the disease in late 2019. The virus's genome is of 79% similarity to that of the SARS-CoV virus, using the ACE2 receptor to enter its target cells. The most common symptoms of this disease include fever, cough, pulmonary involvement, and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms. A decline in both the number and function of lymphocytes and a severe increase in leukocyte inflammatory activity are among the most obvious immunological complications of this disease. If the immune system response to the virus is inadequate, the disease can become acute. Immune cells activity leads to a sharp increase in the number of blood cytokines, causing storm, which in turn can cause systematic damages to the heart, lungs, and kidneys, and ultimately may lead to death. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy offers a promising approach to reducing the destructive impacts of infection in patients with COVID-19. Mesenchymal stem cells can secrete immune-modulating factors that suppress cytokine storms. Furthermore, the role of mesenchymal stem cells in preventing cell death and inhibiting tissue fibrosis has been well demonstrated. This review shows available clinical trials that have tapped into the therapeutic potential of the umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in patients with COVID-19.
*Corresponding Author: Seyed Hadi Mousavi; Email: hmousavi@tums.ac.ir; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0163-5839
Please cite this article as: Motallebzadeh Khanmiri J, Khani-Eshratabadi M, Nasirzadeh A, Nematzade M, Talebpour M, Mousavi H. Potential Use of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Improving Patients with COVID-19. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2021;7:1-12 (e20). https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v7.35373

Jamal Motallebzadeh Khanmiri

Mohammad Khani-Eshratabdi

Amirreza Nasirzadeh

Mahdie Nematzade

Amir Talebpour

Seyed Hadi Mousavi

Potential Use of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Improving Patients with COVID-19: A Review

脐带间充质干细胞在改善COVID-19患者中的潜在应用：综述

Background and Aim: Asthma is an inflammatory airway disease and allergies are the most important cause of asthma. Different types of drugs have been developed to control asthma, and the use of carrier systems to transfer drugs to the airways is an effective method. Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) is a subject of substantial research that can be easily synthesized and, in this study, the effect of gold nanoparticles on allergic asthma was evaluated.
Methods: There are 4 groups of mice, including: the control group, the control group receiving AuNPs, the asthmatic group, and the asthmatic group receiving AuNPs. An animal model of asthma was produced using ovalbumin (OVA). The negative control group was sensitized and challenged with PBS. Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were collected, then quantitative real-time PCR for the four target genes (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and MUC5ac) and histopathological study of lung tissue was done.
Results: In the OVA group, the mRNA expression of targeted genes had no significant differences (P>0.05). Mucus hypersecretion, goblet cell hyperplasia, peribronchial and perivascular inflammation had no significant difference between AuNPs receiving groups with non-treated groups (P>0.05).
Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that AuNP did not affect asthma and control mice. These nanoparticles did not elicit any immune or allergic responses and can be easily used for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes.
*Corresponding Authors: Alireza Taheri; Email: taheri@ilam-iau.ac.ir; Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Email: ss.athari@zums.ac.ir
Please cite this article as: Mehrabi Nasab D, Taheri A, Jafari B, Athari SS. A Survey on the Effects of Gold-Nanoparticles in Allergic Asthma. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2021;7:1-5 (e21). https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v6.32761

Didar Mehrabi Nasab

Alireza Taheri

Bahman Jafari

Seyyed Shamsadin Athari

A Survey on the Effects of Gold-Nanoparticles in Allergic Asthma

金纳米粒子对过敏性哮喘影响的调查

Mitochondria implement various cellular functions, including energy production through the electron transport chain by oxidative phosphorylation mechanism. These respiratory chains consist of several complexes and protein subunits which are encoded by nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Due to mutation susceptibility and repair limitation, more aberrations have occurred in mitochondrial DNA in comparison to nuclear DNA. Given the fact that mitochondrial DNA lacks introns, mutations almost occur in the coding sequence, which comprises a direct impact on its functions.
Emerging evidence indicates that mutations in the mitochondrial DNA led to the production of reactive oxygen species, disrupted apoptosis, and tumor development. Studies reported various somatic and germline variants in mitochondrial DNA related to tumorigenesis. The D-loop region which is the starting point for replication and transcription of mitochondrial DNA is the most prevalent site of somatic mutations in solid tumors. The D-loop mutations also cause copy number variations which are gaining interest in studies of solid tumors including breast cancer, colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinomas, and prostate cancer. Most studies have reported a mitochondrial DNA reduction which subsequently prevents apoptosis and promotes metastasis. The mitochondrial DNA region-specific haplogroups are also involved in the sequence variations due to processes such as genetic drift and adaptive selection.
This review article discusses the biology and function of mitochondria and related genes. By explanation of mitochondrial dysfunction caused by different kinds of alterations, we attempt to elucidate the role of mitochondria in tumorigenesis. Prominently published articles in this field were reviewed and the role of germline and somatic mutations of mitochondrial DNA have been investigated in common cancers.
*Corresponding Author: Shirin Shahbazi; Email: sh.shahbazi@modares.ac.ir; ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7634-5350
Please cite this article as: Dahi F, Mortezanejad S, Nakhaee S, Geranpayeh L, Shahbazi S. A Review on the Role of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Cancer. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2021;7:1-12 (e18). https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v7.34736

Farzaneh Dahi

Sahar Mortezanejad

Loabat Geranpayeh

A Review on the Role of Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Cancer

线粒体DNA突变在癌症中的作用综述

Background and Aim: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common pathological diseases in communities and hospitals, often caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). The use of microbial strains typing is an integral part of epidemiological surveys of infectious diseases to identify epidemics, detect the infection source, track and recognize pathogenic strains. In this study, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains isolated from patients living in Gorgan were typed using RAPD-PCR.
Methods: In total, 187 Escherichia coli strains isolated from urine samples of inpatients and outpatients of Gorgan city from 2010 to 2016 were analyzed by the RAPD-PCR method using two primers. Using GelClust and FigTree software, the respective dendrograms were plotted by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA).
Results: In our research, 614 bands were detected using two primers. The highest frequency of bands was obtained in 400 bp and 500 bp with 65 repeats and the lowest number of bands was in 2500 bp and 3000 bp with one repeat and 32 clusters. The largest number of isolates (i.e.14) was placed in cluster 16. Most bands were polymorphic, indicating high genetic diversity in isolates.
Conclusion: Analysis of 32 clusters of our study by the RAPD-PCR method showed that the studied clusters do not have a specific and unique feature and the scattering of isolates properties are equal among the clusters. Because each cluster had its characteristics, E. coli strains in the region have great genetic diversity.
*Corresponding Author: Ailar Jamali; Email: jamali@goums.ac.ir; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4612-8144
Please cite this article as: Faraji Z, Khasheii B, Ghaemi EA, Anvari S, Rajabnia R, Jamali A. Molecular Typing of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Patients in Gorgan by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR). Arch Med Lab Sci. 2021;7:1-7 (e17). https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v7.34383

Zeynab Faraji

Behnoush Khasheii

Ezzat Allah Ghaemi

Shaghayegh Anvari

Ramezan Rajabnia

Ailar Jamali

Molecular Typing of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Patients by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR)

利用随机扩增多态性DNA-PCR（RAPD-PCR）对从患者中分离的尿路致病性大肠杆菌菌株进行分子分型

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses several molecules such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), cluster of differentiation 26 (CD26), Ezrin, and Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) for viral entry. In this review, the entire structural and genomic combination and the mechanism of virus entry, are discussed. This study might be useful for further drug design studies. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization allows the immune system to fight the virus before its entry. COVID-19 enters the host bloodstream by infecting endothelial cells via a cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147). SARS-CoV-2 not only uses ACE2 for its entry but also affects ACE-2 and its enzymatic activity on Ang II and bradykinin, it also imbalances the RAAS and bradykinin system and elevates the inflammation. High levels of bradykinin, cause nonproductive cough as the result of fluid extravasation and leukocyte recruitment to the lung. Accordingly, we suggest replicase transcriptase complex (RTC) and specific non-structural proteins (Nsps) such as Nsp7,8, Nsp10, Nsp12, and Nsp16 are perfect targets of study because RTC and Nsps are the golden elements in the maintenance of COVID-19 appearance and masking. Base on this evidence COVID-19 uses various receptors for its entry and it might block these receptors' activity to evade the immune system and spread to other cells.
*Corresponding Authors: Elham Rajaei, Email: elhamrj@gmail.com; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8231-0138
Please cite this article as: Torabizadeh M, Ghobadi Dana V, Aghapour SA, Zibara K, Deris Zayeri Z, Rajaei E. A Review of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic and Structure: Hot Cellular Targets for Virus Entry. Arch Med Lab Sci. 2021;7:1-9 (e15). https://doi.org/10.22037/amls.v7.34216

Mehdi Torabizadeh

Vahid Ghobadi Dana

Seyed Ali Aghapour

Kazem Zibara

Zeinab Deris Zayeri

Elham Rajaei

A Review of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic and Structure: Hot Cellular Targets for Virus Entry:

SARS-CoV-2基因与结构综述：病毒进入的热门细胞靶点

Publication Information	Publisher: Step Publishing Ltd.，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 1976，Proportion of original research papers: ，Self Citation Rate:， Gold OA Rate:

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