Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina

Year 2021 marks a century since the Annual Disaster, an evento that ocurred in the Spanish Protectorate of Morocco bewtween July 21 and August 9 of that year, one of the most tragic defeats suffered by the Spanish Army through its history. Between September 8 and October 13, 1925, the SPanish Navy and Army in collaboration with French tropos, successfully landed at Alhucemas Bay, occupying and pacifying the área, which contributed to end the Rif War. The circumstances that occurred in this war period gave rise to important medical and health advances. In just a few years, wounded transport was improved emplying ambulances, hospital ships and medical planes; filed hospital were deployed in the Forefront to shorten the time from the battle field to the first treatment facility; surgical procedures were performed with innovative techniques at that time, epidural anesthesia was discovered and finally, thanks to an agile health system adapted to the área, sicks and wounded soldiers were recovered in hospital located in the Iberian Peninsula. Military and civil doctors, nurses from Spanish Red Cross, nuns, friars, health workers, soldiers, volunteers…applied their knowledge, tenacity and work for the sake of caring for patient, without any doubt, the ultimate goal for any health professional.

R. Navarro-Suay

J.A. Rodríguez-Montes

F. Gilsanz Rodríguez

J. Sanz Serrulla

F. Vázquez de Quevedo

A. Campos Muñoz

ANALES RANM

Health memories from Annual to Alhucemas: Medical advances between 1921 and 1925

从年度到阿尔赫西拉斯：1921年至1925年间的医学进步

We present the images corresponding to a hepatic PET-CT scan through a multitraceal study of a patient with chronic hepatitis C virus, on the waiting list for transplantation and with a lesion suspected of hepatocarcinoma.

A. Cabrera Villegas

X.L. Boulvard Chollet

M. Mangas Losada

P. Garrastachu Zumaran

R. Delgado Bolton

R. Ramirez Lasanta

Multitracer PET-CT study for characterization of liver mass

多示踪剂PET-CT研究用于肝脏肿块的特征分析

The brain is the most complex organ we have, and it is the one that defines us as human beings. It is the basis of intelligence, of our thoughts and memories. In addition, it interprets the world through the senses, initiates movement and controls our behaviors. The correct functioning of this organ is based on the correct establishment of connectivity patterns between the millions of neurons which enable a precise and efficient communication between them. These neural networks emerge during embryonic and postnatal development. The formation of proper neuronal circuitry relies on diverse and very precisely orchestrated events controlled by specific molecular mechanisms. Therefore, failures in these early events will lead to brain pathologies and complex disorders. In the last decades, remarkable progress has been made in identifying and in understanding the mechanisms of action of the molecular that direct axon and neural circuitry development. However, their role in vivo in many aspects of neural circuit formation remains largely unknown, particularly how the impairment of this initial connectivity derives in complex neurodevelopmental pathologies. Here, I highlight part of my contributions and recent advances that shed light on the complexity of mechanisms that regulate axon guidance and the wiring of the bilateral circuits of the central nervous system. Furthermore, I discuss about how understanding the development of bilateral circuits of the cerebellum is essential to understand the emergence of diverse neurodevelopmental pathologies.

J.A. Moreno Bravo

Development of bilateral circuits of the nervous system: From molecular mechanisms to the cerebellum and its implication in neurodevelopmental disorders

神经系统双侧回路的发展：从分子机制到小脑及其在神经发育障碍中的意义

The main risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, like Alzheimer disease, is aging. At molecular level, aging correlates, in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system with epigenetic changes at the chromatin (histones and DNA) of aged cells. These molecular changes can be reverted by the expression of the, so called, Yamanaka factors (YF). YF can reprogram (rejuvenate) old cells to cells with structural and functional characteristics of young cells. In the case of the nervous system, upon YF expression, an increase in cognitive capacity can be found. Our future objective, to extrapolate the results found in mice to the human being, will be to look for simple and small chemical compounds with a similar capacity, to that of YF, to revert the structural and functional changes found during aging development.

J. Avila

Neuronal Aging – Is it reversible?

神经元衰老——可逆吗？

The presence of the messenger RNA for GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), GLUT-2 (isoform 2 of glucose transporter ) and GK (glucokinase) in brain areas might be related to the glucose sensing process that was recently described in pancreatic β cells. GLUT-2, GK and the regulatory protein of GK (GKRP) were identified in both human and rat brains. The GK gene expression generates a 52 kDa protein, identified by biochemical and immunochemical methods; it shows a high Km for glucose and a high capacity to phosphorylate glucose in the hypothalamus and in the brain cortex. Its physiological importance is related to its activation secondary to an increase in glycaemia related to food ingestion. GK and GKRP modulate the enzymatic activity according to the metabolic needs of the cells. This is necessary for the sensing process that is controlled by GK and GKRP, and could also contribute to a sensation of satiety. It would be interesting to know if mutations in the genes codifying the mentioned proteins can produce pathological alterations, or whether changes in the feeding behavior are related to the brain glucose sensing process. Until now, our work has focused on the role of hypothalamic glucokinase as a glucose sensor related to food behavior, but we cannot forget that this enzyme is widely expressed in the brain cortex, where it could also carry out other important functions. These observations, together with the anorexigenic activity of GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1), suggest a combined role of these peptides on food intake control.

E. Blázquez Fernández

Molecular and pathophysiological basis of the brain glucose sensing ability

脑葡萄糖感知能力的分子和病理生理学基础

Genomic Medicine is the application to clinical practice and research of knowledge about the genetic bases of human health and disease. It began in the 1950s and developed throughout the 21st century, starting with the publication of the sequencing of the Human Genome. Its objective is to obtain more precise and earlier diagnoses, prevent diseases, adapt treatments according to individual genetic information and improve public health programs. Advances in DNA sequencing and analysis have made it possible, identifying genetic variants associated with diseases and responses to treatments. These have led to practical applications such as risk prediction and treatment personalization. In 2024, Genomic Medicine has been integrated into routine healthcare and new frontiers such as gene therapy and gene editing are being explored. Despite the advances, Genomic Medicine faces technical, scientific, ethical-legal, organizational and sustainability challenges. However, with interdisciplinary collaboration, these challenges can be overcome to improve human health and well-being.

C. Ayuso

Present Challenges in Genomic Medicine

基因组医学的当前挑战

Objectives: Our primary objective was to examine the clinical presentation and explore differences between migrant and native individuals with first-episode psychosis at baseline. A secondary objective was to explore specific factors contributing to the observed clinical manifestations in first-generation migrant individuals with first-episode psychosis, such as childhood adversities, sex, age, and age at migration. Methods: A naturalistic, observational, prospective, and case-control study was conducted. Statistical analyses included chi-squared tests for categorical variables, t-tests for continuous variables, ANOVA tests for comparisons between multiple groups, and multivariate generalized linear models to explore factors associated with clinical presentation in first-generation migrants. Results were considered statistically significant at p &lt; 0.05. Results: Out of the sample of 363 subjects, 114 were first-generation migrants and 249 were native-born patients. In terms of clinical presentation, first-generation migrants had significantly higher scores on the PANSS Negative subscale compared to natives (p &lt; 0.01). Further analysis showed that this difference was driven by higher average scores in first-generation migrants compared to non-migrants (p &lt; 0.027). First-generation migrants exhibited higher levels of childhood adversity compared to non-migrants. Multivariate analysis revealed that sex was a significant predictor of PANSS Negative scores in first-generation migrants, with men having higher scores than women. Conclusion: In our study, first-generation migrants, particularly men, showed more severe negative symptoms compared to natives. These findings support that the migratory condition should be considered when assessing subjects with first-episode psychosis, as this will help to characterise the pathology precisely and provide personalized clinical treatments.

A. López Ortega

Marta Rapado-Castro

C. Arango

The impact of migration on first-episode psychosis clinical presentation at baseline

迁移对首发精神病临床表现基线的影响

During the so-called “century of the Enlightenment”, the activity of what today is called “dentistry” continued to be carried out in a picturesque way, with no lack of presence in the streets and squares of the country, although the creation of the Royal Colleges of Surgery came to alleviate the precarious situation of this minor part of surgery, thus initiating a path of slow progress until the definitive transformation that would take place at the end of the following century. In this article, the training of dentists and the perception of Spanish society at the time are mainly discussed.

F.J. Sanz Serrulla

M.T. Casero Gómez

The 18th century Spanish dentist. Legal training and social perception

18世纪西班牙牙医：法律培训与社会认知

The role of artificial intelligence (AI) applied to medical imaging in developing and strengthening personalized medicine is described as a continuous process of improvement, a set of opportunities, and a professional challenge of enormous significance. This paper outlines the main processes in which AI is involved regarding imaging, including data preparation, image harmonization, automatic segmentation of organs and lesions, labeling, extraction of radiomic features, and the development of predictive clinical models. It will also address aspects related to the integration of these solutions into clinical practice to enhance accuracy and efficiency in the care process, diagnosis, and treatment, making it more personalized, efficient, and precise. Projects like PRIMAGE and CHAIMELEON highlight the transformative potential of AI and the fundamental role of interdisciplinary collaboration in realizing this potential, based on ongoing multiprofesional collaboration to address the ethical, regulatory, technical, and clinical challenges that accompany these advancements.

L. Martí-Bonmatí

Artificial Intelligence, Medical Imaging, and Precision Medicine: Advances and Perspectives

人工智能、医学影像与精准医疗：进展与展望

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a prevalent valvular disease that increases mortality regardless of other cardiac factors. Its severity correlates with higher mortality, but its progression depends on the patient’s hemodynamic status and does not follow a linear pattern. Most studies on TR are retrospective, limiting the analysis of its natural progression and improvement. The lack of a structured follow-up protocol contributes to late diagnoses, complicating treatment and increasing morbidity. Studies indicate that rapid progression of TR is associated with higher mortality. Factors contributing to its progression include right ventricular (RV) dilation and dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension (PH), atrial fibrillation, and chronic kidney disease. Prolonged PH induces maladaptive remodeling in the RV, worsening TR and creating a vicious cycle that deteriorates ventricular function. The treatment of TR, primarily surgical, is recommended for patients with severe TR requiring left-sided valve surgery. However, isolated TR surgery has limited recommendations due to high in-hospital mortality. Medical treatments focus on decongestion and managing the underlying disease. Recently, percutaneous treatments like the TriClip have emerged, showing improvements in quality of life but no significant differences in mortality or heart failure hospitalizations. In conclusion, it is crucial to develop more rigorous follow-up strategies to detect TR progression and optimize the timing of intervention, thereby improving clinical outcomes.

Publication Information	Publisher: Real Academia de Farmacia，Publishing cycle: ，Journal Type: journal，Open Access Journals: No
Basic data	Year of publication: 2014，Proportion of original research papers: ，Self Citation Rate:， Gold OA Rate:

Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina

Journal Citation Format

A journal article with 1 author

A journal article with 2 authors

A journal article with 3 authors

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Books Citation Format

Thesis Citation Format

Web sites Citation Format

Patent Citation Format

Staying up late manually editing references? ivySCI automatically matches journals and helps you generate references with a single click.

Share Submission Experience